Studio Album · No. 7
Rainbow
Produced by Mariah Carey, Jimmy Jam, Terry Lewis, Jermaine Dupri, Diane Warren, DJ Clue, Deric Angelettie
Columbia Records
R&BPopHip Hop
100%
Authorship
Mariah Carey wrote 12 of 12 documented tracks
Authorship Breakdown 12 / 12 documented
Who wrote the songs?
Scored across the 12 tracks with documented writers, by whether Mariah Carey carries a lyricist or composer credit.
12 trackswritten by Mariah Carey
0 tracksoutside writers
Mariah Carey's roles on this album
Share of the 12 tracks where a band member is credited, by role.
Lyricist100%
Composer100%
Producer50%
Performer100%
By the Numbers
12
Tracks
11
Lyricists
7
Producers
2
No.1 Singles
8 million
Worldwide Copies Sold
1999
Released
Data Insight
Rainbow continues Mariah Carey's move into hip-hop and R&B, and she co-wrote every track on the album. She collaborated with Jay-Z on 'Heartbreaker,' along with Missy Elliott, Da Brat, Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis, and DJ Clue across the record. The album shows her leaning further into guest features and rap collaborations while keeping a writing credit on each song.
Rainbow is Mariah Carey's seventh studio album, released in November 1999. It continued her hip-hop-influenced direction and became one of her best-selling albums, producing the number-one hits 'Heartbreaker' and 'Thank God I Found You.' She co-wrote virtually everything, collaborating with Jay-Z, Missy Elliott, Da Brat, and others.
Track Listing & Credits 12 tracks
Written by the artist
Written by outside writers
| # | Title | Lyricist(s) | Composer(s) | Producer(s) | Performers |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 |
Heartbreaker
#1
|
Mariah CareyJay-ZDeric Angelettie | Mariah CareyJay-ZDeric Angelettie | Deric Angelettie | Mariah Carey (Lead Vocals)Jay-Z (Rap) |
| 2 |
Can't Take That Away (Mariah's Theme)
|
Mariah CareyDiane Warren | Mariah CareyDiane Warren | Mariah CareyDiane Warren | Mariah Carey (Lead Vocals) |
| 3 |
Bliss
|
Mariah CareyJimmy JamTerry Lewis | Mariah CareyJimmy JamTerry Lewis | Jimmy JamTerry Lewis | Mariah Carey (Lead Vocals) |
| 4 |
Vulnerability (Interlude)
|
Mariah Carey | Mariah Carey | Mariah Carey | Mariah Carey (Lead Vocals) |
| 5 |
X-Girlfriend
|
Mariah CareyJermaine DupriManuel Seal | Mariah CareyJermaine DupriManuel Seal | Jermaine DupriManuel Seal | Mariah Carey (Lead Vocals) |
| 6 |
After Tonight
|
Mariah CareyCarey Goffin | Mariah CareyCarey Goffin | Mariah Carey | Mariah Carey (Lead Vocals) |
| 7 |
Thank God I Found You
#1
|
Mariah CareyJames Harris IIITerry Lewis | Mariah CareyJames Harris IIITerry Lewis | Jimmy JamTerry Lewis | Mariah Carey (Lead Vocals)Joe (Vocals)98 Degrees (Vocals) |
| 8 |
How Much
|
Mariah CareyJermaine DupriManuel Seal | Mariah CareyJermaine DupriManuel Seal | Jermaine DupriManuel Seal | Mariah Carey (Lead Vocals)Usher (Vocals) |
| 9 |
Did I Do That?
|
Mariah CareyJames Harris IIITerry Lewis | Mariah CareyJames Harris IIITerry Lewis | Jimmy JamTerry Lewis | Mariah Carey (Lead Vocals) |
| 10 |
Crybaby
|
Mariah CareySnoop Dogg | Mariah CareySnoop Dogg | Mariah Carey | Mariah Carey (Lead Vocals)Snoop Dogg (Rap) |
| 11 |
Petals
|
Mariah Carey | Mariah Carey | Mariah Carey | Mariah Carey (Lead Vocals) |
| 12 |
Rainbow (Interlude)
|
Mariah Carey | Mariah Carey | Mariah Carey | Mariah Carey (Lead Vocals) |
Songwriter & Credit Spotlight 14 contributors
MC
Mariah Carey
Writer · Producer · Vocals
TL
Terry Lewis
Writer · Producer
JD
Jermaine Dupri
Writer · Producer
MS
Manuel Seal
Writer · Producer
JH
James Harris III
Writer
JJ
Jimmy Jam
Writer · Producer
DA
Deric Angelettie
Writer · Producer
DW
Diane Warren
Writer · Producer
CG
Carey Goffin
Writer
J
Jay-Z
Writer · Rap
SD
Snoop Dogg
Writer · Rap
9D
98 Degrees
Vocals
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E=MC²
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Frequently Asked Questions Rainbow
When did Mariah Carey release Rainbow?
Mariah Carey released Rainbow on November 2, 1999 through Columbia Records. It was her last album for the label before signing with Virgin Records.
Did Mariah Carey write Rainbow herself?
Yes, Mariah Carey co-wrote every track on Rainbow. Her collaborators included Jay-Z, Missy Elliott, Da Brat, and the production duo Jimmy Jam and Terry Lewis.
Who is featured on Heartbreaker by Mariah Carey?
'Heartbreaker' features Jay-Z, who is also credited as a co-writer. The single reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 and was Mariah Carey's fourteenth chart-topper.
Who is featured on Thank God I Found You by Mariah Carey?
'Thank God I Found You' features the R&B singer Joe and the group 98 Degrees. The single reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100, giving Mariah Carey her fifteenth number one.
Who wrote Heartbreaker by Mariah Carey?
'Heartbreaker' was co-written by Mariah Carey, Jay-Z, and Deric Angelettie, and it interpolates Stacy Lattisaw's 'Attack of the Name Game.' Mariah Carey produced the track as well.
How many copies did Rainbow by Mariah Carey sell?
Rainbow has sold around 8 million copies worldwide. It is certified 3× Platinum by the RIAA in the United States.